Embedded Systems Designs

In  I2C(Inter-Integrated Circuit)   communication , the   master  device initiates the communication by sending a   start condition   and then sending the   slave device’s address . The slave device then responds with an   ACK   (acknowledge) signal to indicate that it has received the address correctly. If the slave device needs more time to process the data, it can hold the clock signal low to pause the communication temporarily. This is known as   clock stretching . Clock stretching is a technique used in communication protocols to allow slower devices to slow down the clock signal of a faster device. This technique is commonly used in I2C communication, where the clock stretching is performed by the slave device. This is useful in scenarios where multiple devices of different speeds are connected to the same bus. However, clock stretching can also cause  timing issues  if not implemented correctly. If the slave device holds...

  An interrupt is a signal that is sent to the processor to temporarily halt the execution of the current task and handle a higher-priority task. Interrupts are an important aspect of real-time embedded systems , where it is essential to respond to events quickly and efficiently. An interrupt controller is a hardware component that manages interrupts in an embedded system. There are many types of interrupt controllers depending upon the different configurations in the interrupt controller hardware. Below are the most common types of interrupt controllers: Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC): It is designed to be compatible with multiple processors or architectures. It provides a standard interface for handling interrupts, which allows it to be used with different types of processors without needing to modify the software. This makes it a flexible and cost-effective solution for embedded systems that use different processors or architectures. Nested Vector Interrupt Controller (N...